{"id":3210,"date":"2022-11-30T08:41:26","date_gmt":"2022-11-30T08:41:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/test.opensource-db.in\/wp1\/?p=3210"},"modified":"2023-01-24T08:41:27","modified_gmt":"2023-01-24T08:41:27","slug":"postgresql-15-new-features","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/test.opensource-db.in\/wp1\/postgresql-15-new-features\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL 15 New Features (Part – 1)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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This year, PostgreSQL\u2019s major upgrade, pg15 was released on 13<\/span>th<\/span><\/span> October 2022. Here, we examine some of the new features that were incorporated into release pg15.<\/span><\/p>

To make things easier, we\u2019ve categorized the new features into two parts:<\/span><\/p>

Part – 1 : General, Configuration & Administration<\/span><\/p>

Part – 2 : Replication, Backup & Recovery\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/p>

In this post (i.e., Part – 1 of pg15 new features), we\u2019ll look at the new or updated features in Postgres 15 in these areas: General, Configuration & Administration. Let us dive right into it.<\/span><\/p>

PostgreSQL 15 New Features List (Part – 1): <\/span>General, Configuration & Administration<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>

  1. Improved performance for sorts exceeding working memory<\/span><\/span><\/li>
  2. Privileges for setting configuration parameters <\/span><\/span><\/li>
  3. Alter Table… Set Access Method<\/span><\/span><\/li>
  4. UNIQUE NULLS NOT DISTINCT<\/span><\/span><\/li>
  5. PSQL: \\dconfig<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ol>

    PostgreSQL 15 New Features in detail (Part – 1): <\/span>General, Configuration & Administration<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>

    1. Improved performance for sorts exceeding working memory<\/span>
      <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>

      We created a sample table called test with two columns (an \u2018Id\u2019 column, and a text column called \u2018name\u2019) and populated with 10 million records for this test.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

      When we executed a select on this table with a sort clause on the \u2018name\u2019 column, we observed that the query execution time in pg-15 (15.5 seconds) is indeed less when compared to the query execution time in pg-14(89.7 seconds).<\/span><\/p>

      The following statements were used for table creation and data population on both pg-14 and pg-15:<\/span><\/p>

      logical=# create table test(id int , name varchar);<\/span><\/p>

      CREATE TABLE<\/span><\/p>

      logical=# insert into test select generate_series(1,10000000),md5(generate_series(1,10000000)::text);<\/span><\/p>

      INSERT 0 10000000<\/span><\/p>

      Performance testing in PostgreSQL 15:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

      logical=# explain analyze select * from test order by name ;<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0QUERY PLAN<\/span><\/p>

      —————————————————————————–<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0Gather Merge\u00a0 (cost=811991.86..1784268.27 rows=8333216 width=37) (actual time=9245.117..15159.681 rows=10000000 loops=1)<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Workers Planned: 2<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Workers Launched: 2<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0->\u00a0 Sort\u00a0 (cost=810991.83..821408.35 rows=4166608 width=37) (actual time=9180.457..10819.035 rows=3333333 loops=3)<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sort Key: name<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sort Method: external merge\u00a0 Disk: 155400kB<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Worker 0:\u00a0 Sort Method: external merge\u00a0 Disk: 147624kB<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Worker 1:\u00a0 Sort Method: external merge\u00a0 Disk: 157176kB<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0->\u00a0 Parallel Seq Scan on test\u00a0 (cost=0.00..125000.08 rows=4166608 width=37) (actual time=0.021..482.660 rows=3333333 loops=3)<\/span><\/p>

      Planning Time: 1.464 ms
      Execution Time: 15427.398 ms<\/span>
      <\/span><\/p>

      (11 rows)
      <\/span><\/p>

      Performance testing in PostgreSQL 14:<\/span><\/p>

      example=# explain analyze select * from test order by name ;<\/span><\/p>

      QUERY PLAN<\/span><\/p>

      —————————————————————————–<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0Gather Merge\u00a0 (cost=856262.40..1885277.78 rows=8819516 width=36) (actual time=61296.715..88931.115 rows=10000000 loops=1)<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Workers Planned: 2<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Workers Launched: 2<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0->\u00a0 Sort\u00a0 (cost=855262.38..866286.77 rows=4409758 width=36) (actual time=61117.409..65908.421 rows=3333333 loops=3)<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sort Key: name<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sort Method: external merge\u00a0 Disk: 155488kB<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Worker 0:\u00a0 Sort Method: external merge\u00a0 Disk: 153152kB<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Worker 1:\u00a0 Sort Method: external merge\u00a0 Disk: 151392kB<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0->\u00a0 Parallel Seq Scan on test\u00a0 (cost=0.00..127431.58 rows=4409758 width=36) (actual time=0.285..1926.893 rows=3333333 loops=3)<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0Planning Time: 7.000 ms<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0Execution Time: 89674.825 ms <\/span><\/p>

      (11 rows)<\/span><\/p><\/li>

      Sorts for data sets that exceed <\/span>work_mem<\/span><\/a> now use a batch sorting algorithm that uses more output streams and improves performance.<\/span><\/p>

    2. Privileges for setting configuration parameters<\/span>
      <\/span><\/span><\/span>

      Unprivileged users can now be granted permission to change server variables via <\/span>SET<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>ALTER SYSTEM<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>

      How is this useful?
      <\/span>
      Only privileged users could change the configuration parameters up until the previous version (i.e., pg14). In pg15 version, privileged users can grant permission to unprivileged users to SET and ALTER specific configuration parameters via the ALTER SYSTEM command. Privileged users also have the option of controlling which specific configuration parameters the unprivileged users can modify, and the unprivileged users\u2019 access to modify the configuration parameters would then be limited to such granted parameters only.<\/span><\/p>

      This feature could help decrease the turn-around time during application development & test cycles by minimizing the dependency on DBAs.<\/span>
      <\/span>
      <\/span>Is it chained?<\/span><\/p>

      This feature is not chained, i.e., an Unprivileged user who has been given SET or ALTER SYSTEM privileges cannot share or extend the same access to another unprivileged user.<\/span><\/p>

      Examples:<\/b><\/p>

      [postgres@localhost backups]$ psql -U sudheer -d postgres<\/span><\/p>

      psql (15.0)<\/span><\/p>

      postgres=> alter system set wal_level = replica;<\/span><\/p>

      ERROR:\u00a0 permission denied to set parameter “wal_level”<\/span><\/p>

      postgres=> exit<\/span><\/p>

      [postgres@localhost backups]$ psql<\/span><\/p>

      psql (15.0)<\/span><\/p>

      postgres=# GRANT ALTER SYSTEM ON PARAMETER wal_level to sudheer;<\/span><\/p>

      GRANT<\/span><\/p>

      postgres=# exit<\/span><\/p>

      [postgres@localhost backups]$ psql -U sudheer -d postgres<\/span><\/p>

      psql (15.0)<\/span><\/p>

      postgres=> alter system set wal_level = replica;<\/span><\/p>

      ALTER SYSTEM<\/span><\/p>

      [postgres@localhost backups]$ psql -U sudheer -d postgres<\/span><\/p>

      psql (15.0)<\/span><\/p>

      postgres=> show wal_level;<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0wal_level\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

      ———–<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0replica<\/span><\/p>

      (1 row)<\/span><\/p>

      postgres=> GRANT ALTER SYSTEM ON PARAMETER wal_level to testuser;<\/span><\/p>

      WARNING:\u00a0 no privileges were granted for “wal_level”<\/span><\/p>

      GRANT<\/span><\/p>

      postgres=> exit<\/span><\/p>

      [postgres@localhost backups]$ psql -U testuser -d postgres<\/span><\/p>

      psql (15.0)<\/span><\/p>

      postgres=> alter system set wal_level = logical;<\/span><\/p>

      ERROR:\u00a0 permission denied to set parameter “wal_level”<\/span><\/p>

      postgres=> <\/span><\/p><\/li>

    3. Alter Table… Set Access Method
      <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>

      It is a feature that allows an alternative implementation for how data in a table should be stored. Until PostgreSQL 11, access methods were provided for index data, to choose different storage methods such as B-Tree or hash, but no similar mechanism was available for tables.<\/p>

      PostgreSQL 12 introduced this feature, so now access methods can be implemented for tables as well as indexes, allowing the selection of different table storage mechanisms.<\/p>

      PostgreSQL 15 allows users to change the table access method using the “ALTER TABLE”, this will re-write the table to a different storage method.<\/p>

      Example:<\/b><\/span><\/p>

      postgres=# ALTER TABLE employee SET ACCESS METHOD heap;<\/span><\/p>

      ALTER TABLE<\/span><\/p><\/li>

    4. UNIQUE NULLS NOT DISTINCT
      <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>

      Up until now, the Postgres database would not enforce the unique constraint on NULL values, and allowed multiple records with NULL values even on a column that has a UNIQUE constraint defined.<\/span><\/p>

      In pg15, we now have the option to enforce uniqueness across all records, and allow only one record with a NULL value. This can be achieved by adding the NULLS NOT DISTINCT clause when defining the unique constraints \/ indexes.<\/span><\/p>

      Example:<\/b><\/p>

      postgres@localhost data]$ psql -d test -U test<\/span><\/p>

      psql (15.0)<\/span><\/p>

      test=# create table emp (id int UNIQUE NULLS NOT DISTINCT, name varchar(50));<\/span><\/p>

      CREATE TABLE<\/span><\/p>

      test=# insert into emp values (1,’aaa’);<\/span><\/p>

      INSERT 0 1<\/span><\/p>

      test=# insert into emp values (null,’aaa’);<\/span><\/p>

      INSERT 0 1<\/span><\/p>

      test=# insert into emp values (2,’bbb’);<\/span><\/p>

      INSERT 0 1<\/span><\/p>

      test=# insert into emp values (null,’bbb’);<\/span><\/p>

      ERROR:\u00a0 duplicate key value violates unique constraint “emp_id_key”<\/span><\/p>

      DETAIL:\u00a0 Key (id)=(null) already exists.<\/span><\/p><\/li>

    5. PSQL: \\dconfig<\/span>
      <\/span><\/span><\/span>

      The psql client now includes a new command \u2018\\dconfig\u2019 for inspecting and finding the values of configuration parameters.<\/span><\/p>

      <\/p>

      Adding the + symbol to the \\dconfig command displays extended information on the configuration parameters such as Type, Context and Access Privileges.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>

      We can find the output of \\dconfig+ command in PostgreSQL 15 in the following screenshot: <\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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      Continue to PostgreSQL 15 New Features List (Part – 2): Replication, Backup & Recovery<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      This year, PostgreSQL\u2019s major upgrade, pg15 was released on 13th October 2022. Here, we examine some of the new features […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,42],"tags":[37,24,44],"class_list":["post-3210","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-postgresql-14","category-postgresql-15","tag-postgres","tag-postgres14","tag-postgres15"],"yoast_head":"\nPostgreSQL 15 New Features (Part - 1) - OpenSource DB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PostgreSQL 15 New Features (Part - 1) - OpenSource DB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This year, PostgreSQL\u2019s major upgrade, pg15 was released on 13th October 2022. 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